Historical Derivations

Instructions: Click to reveal applications of a phonological rule in each column. Paper & pencil are helpful if you'd like to test yourself before revealing answers.

PIE 1st GMC consonant shift Verner’s Law GMC accent shift GMC vowel shift Nasal assimilation
*/pətḗr/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/
*/slḗbonom/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/
*/kmtóm/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/
*/dékmt/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/
*/gnyóm/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/
*/bhéronom/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/
*/ghḗbhīt/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/
*/dhẃrom/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/
*/dhẃrys/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/
*/médhyos/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/
*/ghóstys/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/
*/stéyghonom/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/
*/bhéndhonom/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/
*/bhńdhete/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/
*/skéynonom/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/
*/sénghwonom/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/
*/stérnos/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/
*/káptos/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/
*/tóngyonom/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/
*/moysóm/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/
*/moystóm/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/
*/pónkonom/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/
*/ponkonóm/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/
*/ghébhety/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/
*/kwód/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/ */?/